Just like with atomic orbitals, molecular orbitals can be drawn using an energy level diagram and in terms of energy, these MOs are positive and negative versions of each other – the energy level diagram should look symmetrical.ĭrawing MOs when 1s orbitals combine looks like this: Here the two wave functions have cancelled each other out, and a node is created. One is when the atomic orbitals cancel out (think mathematically + and –, or waves in opposite phases) and is called an antibonding molecular orbital.One is made when atomic orbitals overlap (think mathematically + and +, wave functions combining, or waves in the same phase) and is called a bonding molecular orbital.Whenever two different atomic orbitals combine, two different molecular orbitals are made.These atomic orbitals can combine like waves can combine, either constructively (mathematically adding them together) and destructively (subtracting them and just cancelling each other out). They mathematically describe how likely it is an electron will be in a certain place at a certain time. Before we go further with electrons in atomic orbitals (AOs) making MOs, remember that atomic orbitals – the electron 'houses' that show where electrons 'probably are' - are wave functions.This is called the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) and when applied, it predicts the stability of molecules that we know exist, and the instability of molecules that we don't know exist. In the same way that atoms combine to make molecules, atomic orbitals (AOs) combine to form molecular orbitals (MOs). We now know how electrons are held in atomic orbitals of different energy levels and shape.To use molecular orbital diagrams and bond order to explain the type of bonding observed in molecules.To apply MO theory when explaining the existence and nonexistence of chemical substances.To understand the bonding and antibonding nature of molecular orbitals.To understand the forming of molecular orbitals using the LCAO method.
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